What Was the Fertile Crescent

The fertile crescent, often referred to as the cradle of civilization, refers to a semi-circular area of the eastern Mediterranean region, including the valleys of the Nile, Tigris  and Euphrates rivers. The region includes parts of the modern countries of Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, northern Egypt, and Iraq, and the Mediterranean Sea coast lies to its west. To the south of the arc is the Arabian Desert, and at its southeast point is the Persian Gulf. Geologically, this region corresponds with the intersection of the Iranian, African, and Arabian tectonic plates. Origins of the Expression Fertile Crescent American Egyptologist James Henry Breasted (1865–1935) of the University of Chicago is credited with popularizing the term fertile crescent. In his 1916 book Ancient Times: A History of the Early World, Breasted wrote of the fertile crescent, the shores of the desert bay. The term quickly caught on and became the accepted phrase to describe the geographic area. Today, most books about ancient history include references to the fertile crescent. A Bit of Western Imperialism Breasted considered the fertile crescent the cultivable fringe of two deserts, a sickle-shaped semi-circle wedged between the Atlas mountains of Anatolia and the Sinai desert of Arabia and the Sahara desert of Egypt. Modern maps clearly show that the fertile part incorporated the major rivers of the region, and also a long stretch of the Mediterranean Sea coastline.  But the Fertile Crescent was never perceived as a single region by its Mesopotamian rulers. Breasted, on the other hand, had a birds eye view of the map during World War I and he saw it as a borderland. Historian Thomas Scheffler believes Breasteds use of the phrase reflected a zeitgeist of his day. In 1916, the crescent was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, a pivotal geo-strategic piece of the battles of World War I.  In Breasteds historical drama, says Scheffler, the region was the site of a struggle between desert wanderers and the hardy peoples of the northern and eastern mountains, an imperialist concept, building on the Biblical battle of Abel the Farmer and Cain the Hunter. History of the Fertile Crescent Archaeological studies over the last century have shown that the domestication of plants like wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats, and pigs took place in the adjacent mountains and plains outside of the boundaries of the Fertile Crescent, not within it. Within the Fertile Crescent, there were plenty of plants and animals available to the residents without going to the trouble of taming them. That need only arose outside of the region, where resources were harder to come by. In addition, the oldest permanent settlements are also outside of the Fertile Crescent: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, for example, is located in south-central Turkey, and was founded between  7400–6200 BCE, older than any site in the Fertile Crescent, except possibly Jericho. Cities did though, first flourish in the Fertile Crescent. By 6,000 years ago, early Sumerian cities such as Eridu  and Uruk were built and begun to flourish. Some of the first decorated pots, wall hangings, and vases were created, along with the world’s first brewed beer. Commercial level trade began, with the rivers used as â€Å"highways† to transport goods. Highly decorative temples were constructed to honor many different gods. From about 2500 BCE, great civilizations arose in the fertile crescent. Babylon  was a center for learning, law, science, and mathematics as well as art. Empires arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Phoenicia. The first versions of the Biblical stories of Abraham and Noah were written about 1900 BCE: While the Bible was once believed to be the oldest book ever written, it is clear that many great works were completed long before Biblical times. The Significance of the Fertile Crescent Today By the time of the fall of the Roman Empire, most of the great civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were in ruins. Today, much of what was fertile land is now desert, as a result of climate change and dams being built throughout the area. The area now referred to as the Middle East is among the most violent in the world, as wars over oil, land, religion, and power continue throughout modern Syria and Iraq—often crossing into Israel and other parts of the region. Sources Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Times, a History of the Early World: An Introduction to the Study of Ancient History and the Career of Early Man. Hardcover, Sagwan Press, August 22, 2015. Scheffler, Thomas. ‘Fertile Crescent’, ‘Orient’, ‘Middle East’: The Changing Mental Maps of Southwest Asia. European Review of History: Revue europà ©enne 10.2 (2003): 253-72. Print.dhistoire

Essay on The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is one of the most significant laws in American History. Before the ADA was passed, employers were able to deny employment to a disabled worker, simply because he or she was disabled. With no other reason other than the persons physical disability, they were turned away or released from a job. The ADA gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, and religion. The act guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications. The ADA not only opened the door for†¦show more content†¦Contagious diseases such as HIV+ and AIDS are considered conditions of being disabled (DeCenzo Robbins 2005). An alcoholic is a person with a disability and is protected by the ADA if he or she is qualified to perform the essential functions of the job (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). However, an employer can discipline, discharge or deny employment to an alcoholic whose use of alcohol adversely affects job performance or conduct. An employer may also prohibit the use of alcohol in the workplace and require that employees not be under the influence of alcohol. Individuals, discriminated against because they have a known association or relationship with a person with a disability, are also protected under the ADA (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). For example, this provision would protect a person whose spouse has a disability from being denied employment because of an employers unfounded assumption that the applicant would use excessive leave to care for the spouse. The ADA does not protect all forms of disability such as pyromania and kleptomania. These are considered psychiatric disabilities and can disqualify individuals from employment. In addition, employees and applicants who use illegal drugs are not covered by the ADA. Individuals who engage in the illegal use of drugsShow MoreRelatedThe American Disability Act ( Ada )1176 Words   |  5 Pages Disability has been a function historical to justify inequality for any disabled people, but in addition has also helped so many women, and minorities. Over the years there have been many models that can explain disability law. There is a social model which argues that it is the environment, that basically caused those traits to limit the functions; therefore creating disability. Another model that people tend to use when looking at disability is the normative claim, which his that disability shouldRead MoreAmerican With Disability Act ( Ada )855 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals with disabili ties continually encounter various forms of discrimination, including intentional exclusion from certain work areas, that denies them the opportunity to compete on an equal basis and to pursue those opportunities that guarantees success in the society. To guarantee success there is expectation regarding the relationship between the employer and employee, giving close attention to the various factors that should be considered to make the person with disability successful. ThisRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) strictly â€Å"prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in employment, State and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities and transportation.†1 This law, enacted in 1990, was created so that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else in society so that they don’t get l eft behind. The ADA gives civil rights protections to those with disabilities in aRead MoreThe Americans With Disabilities Act ( Ada )1414 Words   |  6 PagesSection 504 of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) created what is commonly referred to as a 504 or a 504 Plan. The purpose is to prevent/prohibit discrimination against public school students with disabilities and guarantee they receive accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment (University of Washington, 2015). Section 504 and the ADA govern education accommodations in college (Alao, 2015). Additionally, 504 Plans are a civil rights law.Read MoreThe American Disabilities Act ( Ada )2583 Words   |  11 Pages The American Disabilities Act (ADA) defines disabled workers as individuals who have â€Å"physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, have a record of such an impairment, or are regarded as having such an impairment†. Such impairments substantially limit major life activities such as seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning, caring for oneself, and working (ada.gov). In contrast, the definition of disability usedRead MoreDisability Discrimination And Americans With Disability Act ( Ada )1983 Words   |  8 Pageshis/her disability in various areas of their lives. Today, discrimination against disability has become a complete law by which a person can sue the other party for being discriminated on any impairment. In the United States, the law is covered by Americans with Disability Act (ADA). The law prevents one party (specifically employers) to discriminate other party (particularly emplo yees) on the basis of their physical impairments. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze disability discriminationRead More Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Essay757 Words   |  4 Pages Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Approximately 54 million non-institutionalized Americans have physical, intellectual, or psychiatric disabilities (Hernandez, 2000). . The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination based upon their disability (Bennett-Alexander, 2001). The protection extends to discrimination in a broad range of activities, including public services, public accommodations and employment. The ADAs ban againstRead MoreResearch Paper on Americans with Disabilities Act (Ada2589 Words   |  11 Pagesknew very little about the ADA. During the period of research and writing the paper I hope to obtain a better grasp on the ADA in general. But I also hope to learn some things that my current place of employment can improve our standards when it comes to those with disabilities. The ADA was signed into law on July 26, 1990 by then President George H. W. Bush. It prohibits discrimination based on disability and only disability. It is fairly similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ResearchRead MoreThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): A Good Start Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesdid the Americans with Disabilities Act. People are still isolated because of physical differences, such as disabilities. Some people may disagree, but the ways to victimize are more abundant than just abusive treatment. These ways include the constant evasion of a person, the exclusion of someone from some activity, as well as the change in manner towards them. These seem to be the most common responses for people with disabilities to receive. In fact, people who have disabilities may faceRead MoreThe Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the Workplace Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesPeople with disabilities have become an integral part of the workforce. The ADA forbids discrimination against people with disabilities when recruiting, hiring, training, and compensating employees (Sotoa Kleiner, 2013). The ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in em ployment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental and establishes requirements for telecommunications relay services (activities (Stryker, R. (2013). Employers are not allowed

Supply Chain Management - 1915 Words

ndex 1. What has caused the so-called Inventory/Service Crisis? 1 2. What are the important drivers of safety stock? 2 3. Recommend quantitative target inventory levels for the six European options, assuming a weekly periodic review replenishment. 4 4. Assuming a 20% gross margin for each printer, sea transportation costs of $1 per printer and air transportation costs of $10 per printer (air shipment lead-time is three days), evaluate the various alternatives available to Brent Cartier to address the inventory and service problem. 6 5. Bibliography 8 1. What has caused the so-called Inventory/Service Crisis? In 1990’s, Hewlett-Packard faced several problems with inventory levels for the Deskjet Printer†¦show more content†¦Reorders are placed at the time of review (T), and the safety stock that must be reordered is: Safety Stock= z*ÏÆ'(T+L) Image 1 Assuming weekly periodic review replenishment, a Lead time equal to four and a half weeks and a policy of satisfying 98 percent of customers demand from items in stock the safety stock would be: Because each day is independent and ÏÆ'd is constant, [pic] [pic] For instance (ceteris paribus), if the transportation of the HP products were air shipped, and the lead time passed from four and a half weeks to three days, logically stock levels would decrease. The same would happen if we reduce the time between orders or the level of satisfaction that we want to assurance to our customers. In the Fixed-Order Quantity Model (Q-Model), every time that the stocks reach a specific level an order is placed. Q-Model requests a constant monitoring in inventory levels. The risk of stock out only occurs during the lead time, thus the safety stock is less than in P-Model for the same service level. Reorders are placed when stocks reach (R), and the safety stock that must be reordered is: Safety Stock= z*ÏÆ'L Image 2 3. Recommend quantitative target inventory levels for the six European options, assuming a weekly periodic review replenishment. Inventory management deals with inventory planningShow MoreRelatedThe Supply Chain Management Of Supply Chains1372 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world. Supply chains are now very complex and flourishing in the global marketplace, but only constructed and managed correctly. My discipline is supply chain management. There are many different functions of the supply chain that make it what it is. 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In order to win the competition in the supply chain, which means it must be through the management of the supply chain. Currently supply chains become more integrated, more global, the high-speed development of information technology has become an important driving force. In this report will explore the development of supply chain management technologies and impor tant role. Supply chain and technologies role Supply chain is theRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains Essay831 Words   |  4 Pagesto answer the question of what is supply chain management we must know what a supply chain is. According to (Mentzer et al., 2001, p. 1) â€Å"Supply chain is defined as the network of organisations which are involved in different processes that produce value either in the form of products or services delivered to consumers†. A supply chain is made up of suppliers, manufactures and distributors, a good way of looking at this is the supply chain pipeline. A supply chain is seen as an enabler, this is whyRead MoreSupply Of Supply Chain Management830 Words   |  4 PagesSupply Chain Management Goal of a supply chain. According to Defining the Supply Chain, there are 5 specific goals of supply chain management. They are as follows: 1. Achieve Efficient Fulfillment – â€Å"the purpose of supply chain management is to make inventory readily available in customer facing positions to fulfill demand. The fresh produce business adage â€Å"you can’t sell from an empty wagon† highlights this fundamental purpose of supply chain management†. (Defining the Supply Chain) OrganizationsRead MoreSupply Chain Management986 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are not faced by Dell? How should Ford deal with these challenges? 3. If you are Teri Takai, what would you recommend to senior executives? Tow what degree should Ford emulate Dell’s business model? Herman Miller: Innovation by Design? (Supply Chain Strategy) 1. What are the main elements of Herman Miller’s history, design philospophy, and corporate values? How have they influenced the company’s success? 2. What led Miller SQA to develop a new business model to serve its market? What isRead MoreSupply Chain Management12177 Words   |  49 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN UPPLY HAIN MANAGEMENT ANAGEMENT Report produced for the EC funded project INNOREGIO: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques Sotiris Zigiaris, MSc, BPR engineer by BPR HELLAS SA J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1 Contents 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2 Description What is the Supply Chain Management (SCM) What is the importance of Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management Today Supply Chain Management TomorrowRead MoreSupply Chain Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesSTARBUCKS IT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT This is a case that illustrates several facets at once: Globalization Rapid Expansion, Supply Chain Management, ERP Implementation, and IT Infrastructure. This case takes place in 1997. Introduction You have to admire the enthusiasm of Starbucks employees. Store managers have been known to stuff sacks of coffee beans into their cars and race over to help out other stores running low. Exceptional customer service, but certainly no way to run a businessRead MoreSupply Chain Management Value Of Supply Chains1122 Words   |  5 PagesHeading: Supply Chain Management-Value of Supply Chain Introduction: Supply chain management is a complex undertaking that must involve more than one organization’s efforts to succeed. A tremendous amount of skill, time, and money must be present to build and develop relationships, discover and implement a strategy, and use the capabilities of the chain to build quality at an efficient financial rate. Allowing for these requirements, it leaves one to wonder whether supply chain management is a viableRead MoreSupply Of Supply Chain Management Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesSupply Chain Management involves the process of managing, monitoring, controlling and constantly coordinating supply related activities among manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, retailer and the consumers. All this is done while integrating supply management with demand management, not only within but also across companies. Since all the processes involved in managing supply chain activities require a robust system in place, every company turns to technology for efficient and effective synchronization

Technologies Smart Applications Of Energy †Myassignmethelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Technologies Smart Applications Of Energy? Answer: Introducation Three data encryption standards that are used by WiMax networks are 3DES, AES and PKMv2. These standards of techniques help WiMax to keep security on its networks. 3DES is the encryption standard that is officially known as Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (Zhang et al., 2014). This 3DES is a symmetric key block cipher which uses the Data Encryption Algorithm three times for a particular block of data. The key size of cipher of the Data Encryption Algorithm is 56 bit. But increasing amount of computational power made the DES security at risk. The key size of the 3DES is increased to make the DES encryption standard more secure to provide protection against all the data security attack by transforming the data into a new block of data. The second standard of WiMax is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) which is a block of cipher that is symmetric to give protection to the classified data and the Advanced Encryption Standard is implemented in hardware and software so that the data that are sensitive will be encrypted (Usman Shami, 2013). National Institute of Standards and Technology mentioned that this algorithm must have a capability to handle 128 blocks of data with a key size of 128 bits, 192 bits and also 256 bits. The criteria that are followed by the AES Standard are: Security- The security of the data is to be looked after so that they are not hacked by hackers. Ciphers are to be added in the original text so that the changed data do not get hacked. Cost- The cost of Advanced Encryption Standard is much less than other standards of algorithm that provides security to the data encryption process. Implementation- AES standard of data encryption has an implementation process that provides sustainability to the algorithm. The most important encryption standard that is followed by WiMax is the process of Private Key Management version 2. The WiMax provides support to all the users. The key distribution is secured in PKMv2 standard technique with the EAP (Extensible Authentication protocol). Handovers may create packet lose and delay of data which affects the communication performance of the real time (Hassan Bach, 2014). So to mitigate this problem, new process of key caching PKMv2 is introduced to introduce the processing time and authentication cost of the data encryption. The process helps to investigate the process and also stimulates the network entry process by the implementation of MATLAB model with structured Query Language attached to it. The network simulator carries the simulation. PVMv2 has three types of caching techniques that are used in key encryption. The two examples of WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) Technology are Zigbee or Z-Wave and Bluetooth (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There are many more examples of Wireless Personal Area Network such as Wi-Fi, INSTEON, Wireless USB, Body Area Network, IrDA. The security challenges of two examples of Wireless Personal Area Network that are explained are Zigbee and Bluetooth. The security challenge of Zigbee or Z-Wave is that the signals of the Zigbee or Z-wave are not directly compatible with computing devices of mainstream like tablet, laptop and smart phone (Rault, Bouabdallah Challal, 2014). The motion sensors or the bulbs are needed to communicate with hub which is connected to the Wi-Fi or the home network or via Ethernet cable that is plugged in the Internet router. The Hue bulbs work in this process. All the lights and bulbs of the house that are automated are connected to Zigbee hub which connects to Internet router. Zigbee and Z-wave are emerged together so that they are connected with the application of the phones or tablets. Zigbee or Z-wave is not compatible with each other which create a security challenge for the device. The second example of Wireless Personal Area Network is Bluetooth that faces security challenge in the sector. The Bluetooth hacking is known as Bluesnarfing. The reason that lies behind Bluesnarfing is that the way in which Bluetooth is implemented on phones and tablets. In the case of Bluesnarfing, the process of object exchange protocol (OBEX) is implemented. Another process of Bluetooth hacking is the backdoor hacking (Tsampasis et al., 2016). This backdoor hacking occurs where the device is not trusted anymore and the mobile phone is accessed by hackers. This also gains access to the data with Bluesnarfing and uses services like Wireless Personal Area Network. Another process to hack Bluetooth is Bluebugging. This process helps to hack the mobile phones of the user. This attack is the most dangerous attack among all the attack that persists in Bluetooth. The hackers get control on the users phone and are able to read or send messages from the victims phone, monitor the phone cal ls, make calls from the phone and are able to all the stuffs that Bluesnarfing cannot do. Article: Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review and Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances. Energy Harvesting that is based on wireless sensor network is (EHWSN) the process of extracting energy from the environment that it is surrounded by (Shaikh Zeadally, 2106). The different sources of energy can be exploited by energy harvesting that includes wind, temperature, magnetic fields and solar power. The process of providing energy continuously and storing the energy for future use is done by energy harvesting. The nodes of wireless sensor network so that they can last forever are enabled by energy harvesting systems. There are mainly two types of energy harvesting systems: energy harvesting that is done from the ambient sources which includes radio frequency based energy harvesting which involves RFID frequency for its application, solar based energy harvesting which involves solar energy storing for its future use, thermal based energy harvesting involves energy that come from the thermal source of energy and flow based energy harvesting are energy that comes from the roto rs and turbines; and the external based energy harvesting are mechanical based and human based energy harvesting (Ulukus et al., 2015). The energy that is captured and stored for future use is the process of energy harvesting. References Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), 2347-2376. Andrews, J. G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W., Hanly, S. V., Lozano, A., Soong, A. C., Zhang, J. C. (2014). What will 5G be?.IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications,32(6), 1065- 1082. Fagbohun, O. (2014). Comparative studies on 3G, 4G and 5G wireless technology.IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering,9(3), 88-94. Hassan, A., Bach, C. (2014, April). WiMAX Basics From Deployments to PHY Improvements. ASEE. Nair, G. P. (2013). Nano core-A Review on 5G Mobile Communications.International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, ICMIC13, 124-133. Rault, T., Bouabdallah, A., Challal, Y. (2014). Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey.Computer Networks,67, 104-122. Shaikh, F. K., Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1041-1054. Sulyman, A. I., Nassar, A. T., Samimi, M. K., Maccartney, G. R., Rappaport, T. S., Alsanie, A. (2014). Radio propagation path loss models for 5G cellular networks in the 28 GHz and 38 GHz millimeter-wave bands.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(9), 78-86. Tsampasis, E., Bargiotas, D., Elias, C., Sarakis, L. (2016, January). Communication challenges in Smart Grid. InMATEC Web of Conferences(Vol. 41). EDP Sciences. Ulukus, S., Yener, A., Erkip, E., Simeone, O., Zorzi, M., Grover, P., Huang, K. (2015). Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,33(3), 360-381. Usman, A., Shami, S. H. (2013). Evolution of communication technologies for smart grid applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,19, 191-199. Zhang, L., Afanasyev, A., Burke, J., Jacobson, V., Crowley, P., Papadopoulos, C., ... Zhang, B. (2014). Named data networking.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,44(3), 66-73.