Poverty Tourism a Question of Ethics Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction Poverty touristry is a modern signifier of touristry. where tourers travel to less developed topographic points to detect the lives of destitute and deprived communities. typically located in the Third World. While experience seeking has emerged as a popular signifier of new touristry. it is necessary to inquire the inquiry of whether exercisings such as poorness touristry are ethical. The intent of this paper is to research the conflicting paradigms of poorness touristry. Giving the reader a full apprehension of poorness touristry and it’s effects on all parties involved. both positive and negative. and so theorize about the hereafter of poorness touristry. and picks of tourers. This will be achieved by analyzing the ethical issues associated with poverty touristry such as voyeurism. the death of civilization. unequal distribution of net income. the issue of control and direction of poorness touristry every bit good as the possible benefits of this activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty Tourism: a Question of Ethics? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based on research and findings. the paper will besides theorize the hereafter of the poorness touristry and the sustainability of Third World touristry. With the usage of believable writers and professionals in the field of touristry and poverty touristry. and the writer’s ain personal experiences with poorness touristry and Third World touristry. the journal article concludes that the hereafter of poorness touristry is dependent on the ability of stakeholders to expeditiously pull off the pattern and ethical tourer behaviour. Literature Review Poverty touristry is a modern signifier of touristry. where tourers travel to less developed topographic points to detect the lives of destitute and deprived communities. typically located in the Third World. While experience seeking has emerged as a popular signifier of new touristry. it is necessary to inquire the inquiry of whether exercisings such as poorness touristry are ethical. Is it take downing to the dwellers of these now famed slums to be perceived as attractive forces and ‘must-see’ sights? Is it moral to leer at person less fortunate than yourself in order to experience humbled? In order to reply these inquiries. believable and reputable secondary informations on this subject was sourced. In add-on to this. primary research will be conducted with Simon Pawson. an industry expert. The three key beginnings used for back uping grounds in this statement are ; Evan Selinger and Kevin Outterson’s 2009 essay The Ethical motives of Poverty Tourism. a on the job paper. Poverty Tourism and the Problem of Consent written by Selinger. Outterson and Kyle Powys Whyte in 2011. every bit good as Martin Mowforth and Ian Munt’s Tourism and Sustainability: Development. Globalization and New Tourism. the 3rd edition. published in 2009. These beginnings are cardinal to the writer’s statement and supply academic logical thinking for the poorness touristry argument. The Ethical motives of Poverty Tourism. written by Selinger and Outterson explores the impression that poorness touristry is an undue act when tourers condemn the destitute communities. The papers holds much virtue as the Boston University School of Law published it. and both writers are reputable lectors. Selinger belongs to the section of Philosophy at Rochester Institute of Technology in New York. giving the papers a strong theoretical base. based on the moral expostulation to poverty touristry. that when coupled with a phenomological research paradigm provides the paper with a philanthropic foundation. Contrastingly. Outterson a talk at the Boston University Schools of Law and Public Health provides the paper with convincing legal grounds and besides a personal history of an experience in a Brazilin Favela. which serves to add value to Selinger’s constructs. but besides ads a sense of engagement and personal battle with the subject of poorness touristry. This subdivision o f the paper enables the reader to experience included in the essay. yet the utmost academic linguistic communication and multiple mentions make it hard for person on an entry degree of research to the full grasp. While the paper does non dig into every aspect of poorness touristry it does chiefly focuses on the thought of voyeurism. saying seven scenarios of immoral behaviour. and go oning to discourse poverty touristry as an act of voyeurism. an interesting argument. that despite its sexual roots and the unsettling images that come to mind. turn out the writer’s point that poverty touristry is immoral and unethical. Selinger. Outterson and Whyte collaborated to compose Poverty Tourism and the Problem of Consent portion of The Journal of Global Ethics is a more rounded text. as it aims to research reciprocally good minutess between tourers and dwellers of poorness touristry. every bit good as admiting that poorness touristry can non get away the kink of development. The paper serves as a sold foundation for the statement against poverty touristry as while it condemns the pattern without ethical boundaries. it places much importance of set uping poverty touristry as a collaborative and consensual pattern between the tourer and the occupant. The writers mentioned above unite with Whyte. portion of the Department of Philosophy at Michigan State University to bring forth an academic and enlightening paper. The paper offers the reader a clear lineation of what is included. and works to supply opposing sentiments on poorness touristry. foregrounding both the benefits for and unwanted affects on the des titute communities. It fills the research spread that The Ethical motives of Poverty Tourism creates and while still being philosophical. provides solid quantitative informations in a rationalist paradigm. The essay is of great significance to the argument over poverty touristry and unlike the first beginning. adequately provides in-depth and considered probe. without being of the utmost academic criterion of the first article. enabling it to be more accessible to a pupil. The 3rd beginning Tourism and Sustainability: Development. globalisation and new touristry in the Third World written by Mowforth and Munt is a foundational beginning for anyone involved in touristry research. and respected in the touristry industry and academic kingdom. The book provides a broad research base with diverse subjects and thoughts. It is utile as it focuses on the construct of power and touristry. and the impression that touristry is yet another avenue for First World domination. and development in the Third World. These are cardinal facets to the ethical argument of poorness touristry. and cardinal to the writer’s statement of moral expostulation of it. It delves into the thought of selling the Third World. and pro-poor touristry. and discusses many theories attached to this thought. every bit good as supplying sound existent universe instances as examples of these theories in action. The text compares the theoretical footing for the benefits of Third World development. yet the research spread appears in its deficiency of strong personal voice. frequently trusting on other mentions and philosophers to support an sentiment. Yet this can besides be seen as a really positive facet of the text. as the other two documents are so colored that this book is reviewing in its well-considered usage of research and other faculty members. This is a strong and relevant text for any pupil research worker and offers many points of position. leting one to utilize the relevant beginnings as back uping grounds of their ain statement. Each of the three beginnings discussed above are sound texts. and offer the reader much academic stimulation. Yet. when studied independently. they are deficient for the range of research that such a controversial issue as poverty touristry requires. When the three beginnings are considered in contrast to one another. their collaborative informations provides a strong model for the ethical issues environing poverty touristry. In order to make full the spread in research. an in-depth interview will besides be conducted as a comparing to these texts. which place an doubtless negative stigma on poorness touristry. and this will assist enable the author to organize a convincing statement and supply credibleness to their paper and research. Poverty touristry is a modern signifier of touristry. where tourers travel to less developed topographic points to detect the lives of destitute and deprived communities. typically located in the Third World. While experience seeking has emerged as a popular signifier of new touristry. it is necessary to inquire the inquiry of whether exercisings such as poorness touristry are ethical. Is it take downing to the dwellers of these frequently famed slums to be perceived as attractive forces and ‘must-see’ sights? Is it moral to leer at person less fortunate than yourself in order to experience humbled? The intent of this paper is to research the conflicting paradigms of poorness touristry. The paper will utilize secondary and primary research every bit good as empirical observation to analyze moral and ethical issues refering this topical motion in touristry. It will dig into the ethical issues associated with poverty touristry such as voyeurism. the death of civilization. unequal distribution of net income. the issue of control and direction of poorness touristry every bit good as the possible benefits of this activity. The paper aims to give the reader a full apprehension of poorness touristry and it’s effects on all parties involved. both positive and negative. and so theorize about the hereafter of poorness touristry. and ethical behavior of tourers. In order to reply these inquiries. believable and reputable secondary informations on this subject was sourced. The three key beginnings used for back uping grounds in this statement are ; Evan Selinger and Kevin Outterson’s 2009 essay The Ethical motives of Poverty Tourism. a on the job paper. Poverty Tourism and the Problem of Consent written by Selinger. Outterson and Kyle Powys Whyte in 2011. every bit good as Martin Mowforth and Ian Munt’s Tourism and Sustainability: Development. Globalization and New Tourism. the 3rd edition. published in 2009. These beginnings are cardinal to the writer’s statement and supply academic logical thinking for the poorness touristry argument. Each of the three beginnings discussed above are sound texts. and offer the reader much academic stimulation. Yet. when studied independently. they are deficient for the range of research that such a controversial issue as poverty touristry requires. When the three beginnings are considere d in contrast to one another. their collaborative informations provides a strong model for the ethical issues environing poverty touristry. In order to make full the spread in research. an in-depth interview has been conducted with Simon Pawson as a comparing to these texts. which place an doubtless negative stigma on poorness touristry. enabling the author to organize a convincing statement and supply credibleness to their paper and research. This interview provided the paper with the necessary information to counter argue the ethical issues of poorness touristry with the benefits of this pattern in the Third World. Simon Pawson is a good educated adult male and enlightens the statement by underscoring the of import function touristry direction dramas in poorness touristry. while besides admiting the potency for development in state of affairss like poorness touristry. every bit good as provides some first manus experiences. Pawson was able to pull upon his experience working with developing communities and peoples. such as his function as the Director and Founder of the Kampuchean Education and Development Organisation . a non-government assistance administration based in Siem Reap. which aims to help poorness afflicted kids in Cambodia This paper uses 80 per centum secondary informations and 20 per centum primary research every bit good as empirical observation as the foundation for the statement of moralss in poorness touristry. This information has been sourced through exploratory. descriptive. analytical. prognostic. deductive and inductive research. Supplying it with a sound apprehension and analysis of poorness touristry and the ethical inquiries that arise from it. The personal experiences of the writer’s ain travels are apparent in this paper. utilizing these experiences as a platform for ethical oppugning due to the personal challenges faced by the author in many of these destitute states. An debut to Poverty TourismPoverty touristry can merely be defined as tourers going to less developed topographic points for the premier intent of detecting people populating in poorness. Yet. this is a multi-faceted issue in which many ethical rules are challenged. Tourism in it’s kernel is a value-laden experience. and Selinger and Outterson insist that while the act of poorness touristry has some earnestly negative intensions. world touristry is a far excessively naive look to exemplify experiences of this nature ( 2009. p1 ) . Yet. Poverty touristry must non merely be discussed with a negative stigma attached. as in many instances. poorness touristry has the chance to make a wide-range of occupations and contribute to the supports of the impoverish communities in these undeveloped homes. For illustration. place corsets on Amantani Island. in Peru. where the small towns rely entirely on tourers for their income. Yet when tourers visit slums like Dharavi in Mumbai. India. th e biggest slum in Asia. we are forced inquiry whether tourers are paying for an experience. some sort of hallmark or as travel blogger Pickard challenges. simply to ogle at poorness ( 2007 ) ? It is the ethical inquiries like this. raised by poorness touristry that are of peculiar concern to the future sustainability of the pattern. and to many tourers themselves. Poverty touristry reveals a figure of disputing issues that are faced by the Third World host. stakeholders. and the traveler. In order to analyze these ethical issues. an apprehension of moralss is indispensable. Ethical motives are the moral rules that govern a individual or group’s behaviour. and touristry moralss relate to the moral rightness of the behavior of tourers and stakeholder likewise ; duties. concerns. restrictions. and autonomies. There are a overplus of ethical issues that are exploited by poorness touristry. including voyeurism. the loss of civilization. unequal distribution of net income and the issue of control. Poverty Tourism and VoyeurismCritics and faculty members have likened poverty touristry to voyeurism. which is when a individual additions pleasure from detecting others prosecuting in sexual activity. This is a distressing image. and many tourers would deny any association with such a socially unacceptable pattern. Yet. what many tourers fail to gain. it that voyeurism is besides the act of deriving pleasance from detecting another individual in hurting or hurt. whether that be emotional. physical or societal. This leads us to dispute whether we are denounced as tourers or Peeping Toms. triping the argument of moralss in poorness touristry. Selinger and Outterson. in their essay The Ethical motives of Poverty Tourism. challenge this thought of voyeurism. and assert that in the context of poorness touristry. this observation has the possible to be morally distressing and ethically ambitious ( 2009. pp 9 ) . They formulated a taxonomy of fortunes where observation can be construed as voyeurism. These include ; where people perceive that they are being observed for take downing intents. and when members of privileged groups misrepresent the values and beliefs of an underprivileged group on the footing of selective observation of their lives ( 2009. pp 9 ) . It is these facets of poorness touristry that are cardinal to the impression that is it a signifier of voyeurism. For illustration. when groups are taken on poorness Tourss through slums in India. for tourers to detect the lives of destitute communities. It treats people as objects in a menagerie. non as sceptered persons. but simply another article for picture taking ogling. Residents are forced to sit at that place. while tourers traipse past their places. through the hemorrhoids of rubbish that form the back streets of communities. with neglect of their self-respect. merely to see how â€Å"they† live. how â€Å"they† exist in such awful conditions. Would we make that in an unfamiliar vicinity in our place metropolis? Would we peer into Windowss and take exposures of people’s pantry’s and kids? Poverty touristry is no uncertainty a signifier of voyeurism ; it degrades. feats and disregards people’s places. households. and criterion of life. Yet poverty touristry is frequently embraced. if non invited in Third World states. We must inquire ourselves whether this invitation is by the destitute communities. or stakeholders and enterprisers. maximising on a tourer market that is turning globally. In this instance. the communities involved in poverty touristry must no uncertainty be sing death in their cultural traditions due to the inflow of touristry into their slums and communities. merely because tourers want to witness desolation and enterprisers are banking on these bad lucks. Poverty Tourism and cultural deathOne of the biggest issues that consequences from poverty touristry is the death of the local civilization of the host state or metropolis. and the commodification of these communities. as poverty touristry is most frequently built with civilization as a foundation. This can hold both positive and negative impacts. as poverty touristry aims to continue the civilization while still leting stakeholders to harvest the economic benefits from the touristry industry. Yet. societies are frequently profoundly affected when touristry influences a alteration in value systems. and behaviours that threaten the autochthonal rules and traditions of local communities. This can come about in even the simplest ways. Take Bali as an illustration. one of the most visited finishs in the universe. and globally renowned for it’s repute as true Eden. Tourists demand reliable manner adjustment villa’s. new and unfamiliar five-star culinary art. and topographic point a monetary value ticket on the alone natural beauty of Bali. as Diarta affirms in his article The last-or the lost-paradise: The Balinese Tourism Paradox ( 2004 ) . He believes that the impact of poorness touristry on cultural identify is subjective. as tourers flock here to see the poorness afflicted communities in the rice Paddies. and on the streets. yet return to their plush resorts each eventide. to sip cocktails. The World Tourism Organisation Global Code of Ethics for Tourism provides a model for ethical touristry patterns. puting out 10 articles. runing from sustainable touristry patterns. rights of touristry industry workers. to duties of stakeholders. Of peculiar involvement is article four. Article 4: Tourism. a user of the cultural heritage of world and a subscriber to its sweetening ( 4 ) Tourism activity should be planned in such a manner as to let traditional cultural merchandises. trades and folklore to last and boom. instead than doing them to devolve and go standardised. Diarta supports the impression that while the model for ethical touristry efforts to relay the importance of continuing local civilization and heritage. it is extremely likely that through poorness touristry these alone societies will go trade goods that are standardized and homogenised. forced to run into consumer demands to the point where loss of individuality. civilization and genuineness consequence. and it is a procedure which is hard to control. or contrary. He asserts that the Balinese people have volitionally adapted their life styles and traditions to run into tourist demands. saying â€Å"actually our native civilization has no â€Å"business with tourism† ( 2004. pp 2 ) . and that popular tourer hot musca volitanss in Bali such as Kuta beach now has few associations with traditional Hindu patterns and is driven strictly by tourer demands. This is a clear development of civilization for touristic additions and evidences the critical importance of touristry direction in poorness afflicted states and aspiration to make a mutual relationship between touristry and civilization. helping the challenge of ethically sustainable poorness touristry. Something which Whyte. Selinger and Outterson support in their essay Poverty Tourism and the Problem of Consent. They encouragement the construct that in order for the benefits of poorness touristry to be just and merely. just trade attacks are deserving researching ( 2011. pp 347 ) . and it must be consensual Acts of the Apostless of poorness touristry by both tourer and supplier. a construct which is hard to find and guarantee. particularly in Third World touristry development. Unequal distribution of net incomeThe distribution of income from touristry is a uninterrupted and het argument. So frequently. local communities fail to see the net incomes they deserve end up in their ain pockets. Tourism targets earnestly destitute communities. those who frequently have small or no alternate income. are unskilled and unemployed. and forced to trust on the inflow of tourers into their communities to supply for their households. Mitchell and Ashley ask the inquiry of which hapless benefit signifier poorness touristry in their book Tourism and Poverty Reduction. They assert that touristry linkages affect three dominant groups of destitute people ( 2011. pp 75 ) . The first group is husbandmans and mediators. These are the people who sell the nutrient that is served in hotels and eating houses. and can be located immensely throughout the state and other states. Second include micro and informal enterprisers within the touristry industry. working to supply local goods and services. such as building. and security. The 3rd group of donees are the unskilled locals. They provide trades and other goods to be sold in tourer hot musca volitanss. Tourism provides incomes for a huge assortment of workers throughout the state. while poverty touristry fails to convey these same benefits to communities. Because tourers are simply detecting communities and societies. and merely pass a little sum on trades or keepsakes. who’s origins nay non even be local and supply small or no returns to the communities involved. This forces us to oppugn how poverty touristry benefits the destitute homes? It is improbable that the money spent on other countries of travel such as eating houses and adjustment reaches the most deprived communities. as they are non closely connected to the indirect touristry linkages. This is a inquiry of moralss that tourers must inquire themselves when make up ones minding to see a slum. or enter into a poorness circuit in a Third World state. Urban growing coupled with increasing poorness and societal inequality. and a predicted addition in the figure of people populating in slums to about 2 billion by 2030 ( 2007. pp 1 ) merely heightens the focal point on unequal distribution of net incomes to impoverished communities. Tour operators receive benefits as an enterpriser. but what is the community that tourers are detecting having besides aghast faces and the chink of a camera lens? Poverty Tourism and the issue of controlAnother ethical issue related to poverty touristry is the function of power in Third World touristry. Crick concludes in his 1989 survey of societal scientific discipline literature. that there is an unequal apprehension of the complexnesss of poorness touristry. and much literature fails to analyze the function of power in touristry development ( Crick. 1989. cited in Mowforth A ; Munt. 2009. pp45 ) . Mowforth and Munt have developed a taxonomy for poorness touristry and touristry development in the Third World. They suggest that the relationship of power in Third World touristry is based on the cardinal thoughts of power and control. viz. by dominant external and international powers. which can be viewed as unethical and unequal. Dobson ( 1995. cited in Mowforth A ; Munt. 2009. pp 48 ) asserts that it is political orientations. that â€Å"map the universe in different ways† . and touristry is a premier illustration of an unequal deve lopment procedure. The First World machination in poorness touristry has led to Third World domination by international enterprisers. and tour companies. who frequently control and organize poverty touristry from outside the finish state. For illustration. tour companies such as Geckso’s Grassroots Adventures form for groups of tourers to come in into small towns in states all over the universe. This administration is of class shut-in without the cooperation of the small town itself and the land staff in the finish state. but poverty touristry begs us to inquire how consensual is this understanding? And how ethical is external administration? Pawson believes that poorness touristry has the possible to be earnestly exploitatory if non organised and managed in a responsible manner and the supports of the communities are non adequately repaid. For illustration. he visited a Nubian small town in southern Egypt. where the small town was simply a diversion to demo tourers how Nubian people live. He found this to be an unsettlingly inauthentic experience. Later in his trip when he came across a Nubian small town on his ain. he was welcomed into a villagers place and exposed to the true Nubian life style and shortly discovered that these communities were seeing small return for their attempts as external agents were harvesting the economic benefits with small money being put back into the community. This is evidenced in other countries such as Peru. and Sikkim in Nepal. where the international stakeholders in the home-stay touristry plans reap the pecuniary wagess from tourers. while the communities make a measly return. and furthermore. hold small control over the activities to which they are subjected. This is a clear illustration of how poverty touristry can be unethical in its administration. and execution. every bit good as argues the function of power in touristry development in the Third World. Yet. despite the deficiency of self-denial the communities experience. there are still benefits which poverty touristry can convey. Benefits of Poverty TourismPoverty touristry. while frequently viewed with a negative intension. has the possible to profit the communities. host metropoliss and tourers likewise. Poverty touristry has the possible to be a beneficiary for destitute communities in assorted ways. Tourists can buy handy-crafts and other objects from the occupants. but must seek to guarantee they are locally produced so they know the money is being returned into the community. Tourists can besides convey economic benefits to the host state merely by going at that place and passing money in the state. helping the development of Third World touristry. And Poverty touristry besides provides the communities with an chance to see and see the civilization of the tourer. Furthermore. poorness touristry can be an exceeding acquisition experience for both the tourer and the communities. to pass on where possible. portion values. adapt to other’s civilizations and larn to esteem one another as people. regar dless of race. socio-economic position. or cultural differences. Basically. poverty touristry enables tourers and communities to link and lend to a planetary community. In footings of the moralss of poorness touristry. this can be challenged when discoursing the hereafter of poorness touristry. Poverty touristry. argued in this paper has the possible to be a earnestly unethical pattern. Yet. it besides has the ability to unlock chances for destitute communities for economic growing. support and lifestyle benefits and active battle in determination devising where possible ( Ashely. 2001. cited in Mowforth A ; Munt. 2009. pp. 344 ) . Mowforth and Munt assert that poorness touristry is built on the natural and cultural assets of the destitute communities. which generates net benefits for the hapless. Yet. poorness touristry differs from other signifiers of touristry such as ecotourism. sustainable touristry. fair-trade touristry or other ethically based touristry because it does non claim to hold any developmental values ( 2009. pp 345 ) . imploring us to oppugn if this pattern is hence dispensable? Whyte. Selinger and Outterson conclude in their paper that tourers are non prosecuting in poorness touristry in order to last or stay competitory in concern. but are seeking for some sort of hallmark. They question whether poorness touristry is even a true representation of the life styles of the hapless. and do non experience poverty touristry should be an experience for financially privileged tourers to take part in merely see how those less fortunate than themselves live. ( 2011. pp 345 ) . Despite this academic paradigm. from personal experience. Pawson argues that it is frequently through poverty touristry that privileged tourers are inspired to back up and help Third World touri stry and aid to relieve despair in these topographic points. Yet we must go on to inquire ourselves whether First World engagement in the development of touristry in the Third World is sustainable and ethical? DecisionPoverty touristry is a complex issue. which forces us to oppugn our ain ethical touristry behaviours. and besides question the development procedure of touristry in the Third World. But as tourers. we travel to seek for the unfamiliar. the alien and new. it frequently leads us towards poorness touristry. The hunt to see something flooring. and sometimes even lay waste toing can trip strong emotional reactions and can in frequently instances humble a individual. Poverty touristry provides tourers with a opportunity to detect how destitute people live and gives them the chance to give back. and aid those communities. Yet. tourers. stakeholders and enterprisers repeatedly exploit poverty touristry and the communities involved. so we are forced to oppugn the if it is ethical to take part in at all. Tourism itself presents people globally with ethical issues to make with it’s direction and administration. Therefore when you couple an already controversial issue of touristry development in the Third World with poverty touristry. moral. societal. and ethical behaviors are challenged. personally and globally. Poverty touristry is a combative subject. and one that will go on to be debated every bit long as tourers have the autonomies of going the Earth. Yet poverty touristry does non hold to ever be viewed with a negative stigma attached. Poverty touristry can be of benefit to communities and tourers likewise through well-managed and every bit distributed power and authorization in the administration of the touristry industry in the Third World. While slum touristry is a really utmost signifier of poorness touristry. there are signifiers that can be of great success. for illustration homestays plans. Amantani Island locals heartily welcome tourers into their places. their households and their manner of life. These communities are so proud of their heritage that they want to continue it and convey this pride to tourers by ask foring them to see it excessively. This sort of plan has the ability to alter people’s manner of thought and hopefully let the touristry industry to see how poverty touristry can be of great success when managed in concurrence with the communities instead than tourers simply detecting destitute people. The ethical inquiries that poorness touristry unveils such as development. voyeurism. death of civilization. distribution of net income. and the issue of control are all valid and serious concerns. and while poverty touristry direction is hard. dearly-won and demanding. it is indispensable to the hereafter of touristry in the Third World. Tourists must go more cognizant of their moral behaviours when going and go sensitive to the state of affairss in which they choose to take portion in. Possibly tourers should take non to partake in a poorness jaunt or slum circuit. and choose for a more reliable experience through other signifiers of ethical touristry. Reference List Diarta. K. S. ( 2004 ) . The last-or the lost-paradise: The Balinese touristry paradox. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved April 23 2012 from ; hypertext transfer protocol: //images. ubud. com/pdf/040925tourist. pdf General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization ( 1999 ) . Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. Retrieved April 23 2012 from ;hypertext transfer protocol: //ethics. unwto. org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism Mitchell. J. A ; Ashley. Caroline. ( 2010 ) . Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Nerve pathwaies to Prosperity. Tourism. Environment. and Development Series. London: EarthsacnMowforth. M. A ; Munt. I. ( 2009 ) . Tourism and Sustainability. Development. globalisation and new touristry in the Third World. 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge. Pickard. P. ( 2007. November ) . Is Slum touristry in India Ethical? Retrieved April 24. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. itchy feet. co. uk/magazine/articles/destinations/indian-slum-tours? page=allPowys Whyte. K. . Sellinger. E. A ; Outterson. K. ( 2011. December ) . Poverty Tourism and the Problem of Consent. Journal of Global Ethics. Vol. A ; . No. 3. Retrieved March 5. 2012. from ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ssrn. com/abstract-1732710 UN-Habitat. ( 2007 ) . Slum Dwellers to duplicate by 2030: Millennium Development Goal Could Fall Short. Twenty First Session of the Governing Council. Retrived April 24 2012 from ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unhabitat. org/downloads/docs/4631_46759_GC % 2021 % 20Slum % 20dwellers % 20to % 20double. pdf * Selinger. E. A ; Outterson. K. ( 2009. June ) . The Ethics of Poverty Tourism. Retrieved March 5. 2012. from ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bu. edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/2009. hypertext markup language

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Flu Epidemic of 1918 essays Walking down any given street in the year 1918 between the months of June and December, one would take notice of coffins lining the sidewalks. Nobody was on the streets, and dead bodies were stuffed into every available space. The Flu Epidemic of 1918 not only was the most devastating event of the twentieth century, but propelled the United States to search for a vaccine that has not yet been found, causing concern that the flu will strike again. Influenza has been around almost as long as people have walked the earth. Its roots draw back as far as 412 B.C., when a man named Hippocrates wrote of an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease that closely resembles influenza. This pandemic devastated an entire Athenian army, and has since occurred approximately every one hundred years (Persico 30). However, in 1918, influenza was somewhat different. It became popularly known as the Spanish influenza. This is slightly a misnomer because although it became widely known in Spain during the spring of 1918, it had been noticed on British army bases in France in 1917 (Carter 18). This new virus became extremely deadly in a short amount of time. Nobody could form a good reason as to why it had appeared. Scientists hypothesized that it came from poison gases formed from exploding ammunition, decomposing bodies, and carbon dioxide from trenches, which fused together, forming a toxic vapor (Persico 81). Because it had swept upon the world so quickly, a cure was not available. The influenza of 1918 took people in a matter of days. A victim could be walking around feeling perfectly healthy one morning, be bedridden by nightfall, and have died before daybreak. Doctors were baffled, and gave vaccines that didnt work. When one doctor was asked what the vaccine contained of, he said the vaccines were just a soup made of blood and mucus of flu patients that had been filtered to get rid of large cells and debris (Kolata 23)....

My Developmental Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Developmental Narrative - Essay Example So in a way, college studies for me have become a vacation in a way. But it is only a vacation in terms of the exacting standards of the educational institution that I am enrolled in. Having all of my classes in English now presents me with a different kind of tension and stress level. My English speaking and written skills are not as excellent as I wish as they could be but I somehow manage to get by in class. After all, I was raised in a highly disciplined country with a track record for academic excellence. So it comes as no surprise that I am able to adapt to my surroundings whenever the need arises. I have found that as a college student, I have come to mature immensely. I no longer view my studies as an activity that takes away from my time that I had allotted for having fun. Maybe it was because I was being forced to study lessons that I had no interest in at the time. As a college student, I finally have the chance to study things that are of interest to me. So I find studyin g more fascinating and useful now. These days, I view my education as a means to achieving a goal instead of a burden like I did in high school. Remember how as a child, we are reliant on our parents for everything? We follow everything that we are told to do without asking questions because we believe that they know best for us. Then we become teenagers and the friction begins to increase as we slowly develop into our own persona that is a far cry from what our parents expect of us. The same thing happened to me in regards to my relationship with my parents. From being a clingy child who asked mother to help me with even the smallest task, I have slowly become my own independent person who tends to question his parents when asked to do something. In fact, save for the few arguments that I have with my parents, I don't think that we really talked at all. I found them boring and an encumbrance in my daily life because of all the rules that they expected me to follow. There were more don'ts than there were do's coming from them when it came to living my life. So you can imagine how I too passed through the rebellious phase during high school. If I had a choice back then, I would rather not have my parents around me. But as I progressed in age, I found that my sentiments about my parents also changed as well. Perhaps it is because they loosened the controlling reins that they had on me before and allowed me to develop my own opinions and live my life, allowing me to learn from my mistakes but always being at the ready to help me recover from it if I ask them to. Now at I have spent a significant amount of time abroad as a university student. I cannot help but think about how it will affect my relationship with my parents. We were not close in the past and I am afraid that this move will further make us strangers to each other. I know that I will not see them as often as I used to anymore. Funny, I thought that not seeing them was exactly what I wanted in life. Bu t it turns out that a significant part of me misses them and the family relationship that we had. It is hard to miss your parents and not see them everyday because when you do see them, it seems like so much time has passed and they have aged a lot since you last saw them. The physical changes that they undergo are equivalent to the same changes that they see in me according to them. They are specially proud of the fact that I have become even

What Is the Real Objective of Case Management Quality of Care vs Essay

What Is the Real Objective of Case Management Quality of Care vs. Reduced Costs - Essay Example However, it is questionable whether these systems can offer both quality and low costs. By coordinating the healthcare needs of a patient requiring multiple services from multiple providers, studies of disease management programs have shown that these programs do improve quality by offering interventions such as pre-recorded telephone reminders or home visits by medical professionals (Rand Corporation Study). According to the Rand study, conditions such as diabetes and congestive heart failure (CHF) benefited from case management and reduced costs by decreasing hospital admissions, while patients suffering from depression were more apt to use outpatient services and prescription drugs, increasing costs. Six chronic conditions were analyzed in the study: CHF, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, asthma, depression, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Improved quality was found in four of the six illnesses, with inconclusive results for asthma and COPD. Long-term health outcomes have not been determined, however, because the study covered only one year. In a one-year study by Michael Long, professor at Wichita State University, geriatric patients who were at least 75 and functionally impaired were randomly assigned to a regular-care group or a case-managed group. The goal was to eliminate the fragmented care that often exists for these patients. Both benefits and costs must be taken into consideration before determining success or failure in such a patient advocacy program (Long). The goal should be set by a team and success determined by whether the goal is met. In Long's study, the case-managed group benefited more than the regular-care group, and improved quality was the result. Cost and quality are sometimes considered opposing factors, but Long considers this too simple an explanation. He recommends a formula: Quality=Benefits - (Risk and Cost), which takes into consideration all the factors involved in case management programs. Limitations of Case Management Programs In a more expanded study, consisting of 46 states examining HMOs and primary care case management (PCCM) programs, the reporting states tended to emphasize utilization results over quality-measure results. In states where many commercial health plans have recently abandoned Medicaid contracts and some rural areas of the United States have been unable to attract health plans, PCCM programs are distinct from capitated managed care plans in that the Medicaid agency purchases health care services as if it were a health plan (Schneider et al). A comparison of quality oversight PCCM programs and health plans serving Medicaid beneficiaries indicates that states with both have fewer expectations for PCCM programs and do not seem to have a distinct goal. At present, the study found that PCCM programs have not as a rule collected performance data, thereby lacking the means to improve quality care. Strengths of Case Management Programs One area in which healthcare costs are accelerated is with the high number of diabetics needing treatment, and case management is highly recommended for glycemic control in these patients. As noted by The Guide to Community Preventive Services online, "Diabetes management is complex and difficult for both patient and healthcare provider, and traditional healthcare delivery methods have not adequately met their needs" (Case Management Interventions). The Guide goes on to say that a systematic review shows case management delivered as part of disease management to be effective in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Managed care strategies for Medicaid populations in Florida, North Carolina, and

Improving employee selection methods Research Proposal

Improving employee selection methods - Research Proposal Example It also need to intrinsically motivate its employees by offering them better chances of training and development so that their skills can be upgraded and they become more productive. Organizations, in a complex competitive world have to take into consideration different factors which allow them to develop their core competencies. Over the period of time, the strategic role of HRM within the organization, it has became really critical for the organizations to actually look for new ways of improving employee performance and implement processes and systems which can increase the productivity of the employees. The issue of performance therefore is of paramount importance for the organization as a whole in order to ensure that it generates the desired level of performance. (Collins, 2007) One of the problems which organization is currently facing is that its overall employee selection methods are not entirely efficient and often result into high employee turnover. High employee turnover often therefore result into the productivity losses as well as engage organizational resources on potentially unproductive activities of finding right employees for the job. As such it indicates that the HRM has to play significant part in ensuring that the organizations must take into consideration the factors which can be helpful in retaining the employees and ensuring that they remain productive and help achieve the organization its strategic objectives. This internal memo therefore has been prepared with the objective of briefing the management regarding a potential problem and what actions can be taken in order to ensure that the organization continue to achieve its objectives while at the same time ensuring that the employee productivity remain at the desired level along with acceptable level of employee turnover. XYZ Company (You can put the name of your choice) is currently facing high employee

The South African Forced Removals History Essay

The South African Forced Removals History Essay In South Africa, apartheid was an important factor in the forced removal of many innocent South Africans, due to the color of their skin. Throughout the 1900s the struggle between segregation and equality was brought to attention, affecting almost every aspect of a black South Africans life. From the causes, to the effects upon the civilians, the forced removals majorly affected the present day South Africa. From 1960 to 1983 the Bantustan Policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the area designated for whites. There are many causes as to why the forced resettlement of blacks was conveyed byt the government. The apartheid more or less originated back in 1652 when white settlers first arrived in South Africa. This history did impact the way the laws and policies were enforced later on 1948 on by the nationalist party. In 1910, the Union was formed. After this, the territorial segregation the white settlers had impressed was put in law with the 1913 Black Land Act. The Black Land Act limited the areas black Africans could occupy through ownership or rent. This act would become the basic land policy of South Africa up until the end of the resettlement. The Act also made the number of migrant laborers increase, since most of the industries and mines, which was and still is the main source of income for Africans, were occupied by black workers, but were located on white land. During the 1930s and 40s, the amount of money blacks were paid in urban areas was considerably better than that of rural, and this began a migration of black Africans into urban areas. This countered the wishes of the dominant agricultural capitalists, who needed a good work force during the agricultural boom of the 1950s. Thus begun the move towards forced removals, to keep blacks out of white urban areas. This need for the removal was the implementation of the Bantustan Policy. The Bantustan Policy was directed towards rural resettlement, urban resettlement, and resettlement within the Bantustans. These resettlements were to direct blacks from designated white urban land and areas, which led to a superfluous amount of farm laborers. By the beginning of the 1980s, almost 60% of the African population was based in the Bantustans (Kristen Henard). The black spots or communities the blacks were forced into were overcrowded and unsanitary. These communities more or less became the dumping grounds for unwanted blacks, namely the elderly, women and children. The Black (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act amended in 1952, those Africans with the section 10 right had the right to remain there only if they were born in the area, and had lived there continuously, worked for one employer for more than ten years, or lived lawfully and continuously there for 15 years. For others, there was a 72 hour limit for visitation in the white areas. The influx control regulations of the Consolidation Act were furthered in the 60s when the labor was needed in agricultural areas, rather than industries. These regulations went along with the Bantustan dumping grounds, and the unproductive and redundant workers. In 1986, the Abolition of Influx Control Act was created to replace the Consolidation Act of 1952. The system of influx control regulating and controlling the movement and residential rights of Africans and the subsequent further restrictions or relaxations must be tied to the political environment and the economic needs of the white capitalists. As the towns are centers of wealth and power and the majority rule movement was strongest in the towns, a permanent African population in the towns was perceived as rising political and security problems. In general the influx control regulation. aimed at reducing the number of Africans living permanently in the towns as much as possible so as to reduce the concomitant political threat they pose This amended both the 1951 Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act and the 1979 Slums Act, providing the essential administrative controls that could be used for population and African urbanization control. The 1923 Black Act was also influenced by apartheid, made to segregate the urb an African population. On the other hand, the 1986 amendment to the Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act provided for the possibility of controlled squatting because it allowed the minister of Constitutional development and planning to designate land for this purpose and make suitable regulations related to the provision of services and a form of local government. The government thus acknowledged the ultimate impossibility of eradicating all squatters and at the same time the positive effects of this type of low cost housing considering the extreme housing shortage in the urban areas. This provision can also be interpreted as another attempt to divide and disorganize the dominated and oppressed class by giving preferential treatment to a certain group of squatters so as to induce a positive attitude towards the apartheid regime whereas all the other squatters still lived under the threat of conviction and eviction. They then continued to control that population with the Group Area Ac t, facilitating control over the black urban population. This act attempted to hamper organization among the oppressed urban working class. Also, the segregated townships were placed on the outskirts of cities. This was facilitated so that the blacks were away from sensitive business centers, and to control political and economic faces of the towns. At one point in the forced removal era, the implantation of the many racially based laws resulted in 87% of the total land area of South Africa being owned by the white minority, whereas 13% was set aside for the 5 to 1 black majority. This made obvious the intentions of the government, to make sure the black majority was run and controlled by the white minority. Throughout the segregation, there was series of peaceful demonstrations, along with violent ones. In 1985, over a period of four days Africans resisted being moved from their home, Crossroads, South Africa, to the new government- run Khayelitsha Township. Eighteen people were killed during the movement, and 230 were injured. The apartheid system can be described as state action designed to secure and maintain white domination by furthering white political and economic interests through control over the black majority population. The mechanisms of population control used, include the panoply of forced removal intended to control, divide and segregate the people of South Africa. Forced removals have occurred in different historical times with different functions and guises. Ultimately the whole process can be traced back to the structures of black economic exploitation and white political domination inherent in the apartheid regime. The process of change began with the election of Willem de Klerk as leader of the National Party in February 2, 1989, his subsequent presidentship, and more specifically his speech on February 2, 1990 as he announced the repeal of apartheid legislation, the democratization of the state system, the normalization of the political process, and the multi-party negotiation process for a new Constitution. The latter was eventually set up in December 1991 under the name Congress for a Democratic South Africa. After a suspension in June 1992, the negotiations resumed in early 1993 and resulted in an agreement on the details of a transitional Constitution, including 34 Constitutional principles against which the final constitution will be tested, and the arrangements necessary to ensure free and fair elections set from April 26 to 28, 1994. The then elected transitional parliament, acting as a Constitutional assembly, would begin to draw up a final Constitution. The forced removals of South Africa were heavily influenced by apartheid, meaning the white minority controlling the black majority. The struggle between equality and segregation originated when the white settlers first arrived in Africa, but finally concluded in the 90s. There are many causes, from regulations and acts, to the white supremacy. Although it ended, the effects still remain. Many South Africans still live in insanitary slums, having been forced and never left.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-six

â€Å"SHE'S WHAT?' I EXCLAIMED. The dream birds singing in the garden fell silent. â€Å"With them? Is that why they called the guardians?' Sonya's calmness continued, but she frowned slightly. â€Å"Victor and Robert didn't call the guardians. Why would they?' â€Å"Because †¦ because they wanted to get rid of Dimitri and me †¦' â€Å"Perhaps,' said Sonya. â€Å"But not while they were still in the house. Victor's as wanted as you are. It was only Robert's magic that got them out.' â€Å"Then who †¦' The answer hit me. I groaned. â€Å"John and Emily. I should have known it wouldn't be that easy. They were too quick to accept fugitives into their house.' â€Å"I actually think it was just John. Emily really did seem to believe you were innocent †¦ even if she didn't like why you were there. I also suspect she'd worry calling guardians would just draw more attention to Jill's identity. It wouldn't surprise me if John didn't even warn her about calling them. He probably thought he was doing everyone a favor.' â€Å"And instead, he lost his stepdaughter,' I said. â€Å"But why would Victor and Robert take her? And how the hell did two old men subdue a teenage girl anyway?' Sonya shrugged. â€Å"They're probably stronger than they seem. Compulsion also likely played a role. And as for why? Hard to say. But Victor wants power and control. Keeping the missing Dragomir with him is a good way to possess that.' I slumped against a tree. â€Å"We'll never get her to Court.' â€Å"We just have to find her,' said Sonya. â€Å"Which I should be able to do once she's asleep.' â€Å"More dream-walking,' I said. My hope began to rekindle. â€Å"You should go to her now. Find out–‘ â€Å"I've tried. She's not asleep. And I'm willing to bet they're keeping her awake for that very reason so they can put some distance between us. I'll keep trying, though.' It wasn't ideal but was the best we could hope for right now. â€Å"And Sydney and the Mastranos?' â€Å"Facing a lot of questions.' Sonya's face fell. I knew she still felt bad about abandoning her cousin, just as I felt bad about Sydney. I gently touched Sonya's arm. â€Å"It's okay. They'll be okay. What you did will help Jill.' She nodded. â€Å"How are we going to stay in touch? I can't always wait for you to be asleep.' Silence. Excellent point. â€Å"Maybe we could get a cell phone today †¦ God knows we've needed one. And well †¦ why don't you just come to us? Where are you anyway?' I wondered if I was making a mistake in inviting her to join us. Dimitri and I had gone to great pains to keep our location secret, and that run-in with the guardians had already been a bit closer than I would have liked. Aside from the obvious problems– imprisonment, execution, et cetera–being captured would take us out of the picture for helping Lissa. Yet, I was pretty sure Sonya was one of our allies, and at this point, she might be our only link to Jill. I'd made a similar gamble in revealing where we were to Victor. And while he had technically helped us, that help had obviously backfired. Nonetheless, I told Sonya the name of our campground and the best directions I could. She said she'd come–I didn't know how she'd manage it but suspected she was resourceful–and would keep trying to reach Jill. â€Å"Sonya †¦' I hesitated to speak, knowing I should just let her end the dream. We had important problems, more serious than what I was about to ask. Plus, this was personal territory. â€Å"What did you mean in the car †¦ when I said I'd shared a dream with my boyfriend? You looked surprised.' Sonya studied me for a long moment, those blue eyes looking deeper into me than I would have liked. Sometimes she seemed safer in crazy mode. â€Å"Auras tell a lot, Rose, and I'm very good at reading them. Much better than your friends probably are. A spirit dream wraps your own aura in gold, which is how I knew. Your personal aura is unique to you, though it fluctuates with your feelings and soul. When people are in love, it shows. Their auras shine. When you were dreaming, yours was bright. The colors were bright †¦ but not what I expected from a boyfriend. Of course, not every relationship is the same. People are at different stages. I would have brushed it off, except †¦' â€Å"Except what?' â€Å"Except, when you're with Dimitri, your aura's like the sun. So is his.' She smiled when I simply stared in stunned silence. â€Å"You're surprised by this?' â€Å"I †¦ that is, we're over. We used to be together, but after his change, he didn't want me anymore. I moved on.' Where moving on apparently meant holding hands and having close, heated moments. â€Å"That's why I'm with Adrian. I'm happy with Adrian.' That last sentence sounded almost defensive. Who was I trying to convince? Her or myself? â€Å"Behaviors and feelings rarely line up,' she said, sounding very Dimitri Zen-like. â€Å"Don't take this the wrong way, but you've got some issues to work out.' Great. Therapy from a crazy woman. â€Å"Okay, let's suppose there's something to this. I only really gave up on Dimitri a couple weeks ago. It's possible I'm probably still holding onto some feelings.' Possible? I thought about how acutely aware of his physical presence I always was in the car, the carefree harmony in the library, how good it felt to work with him in that way of ours, both so determined and almost never second- guessing the other. And only hours ago, in the guestroom †¦ Sonya had the audacity to laugh. â€Å"Possible? After only two weeks? Rose, you're wise in so many ways †¦ and so young in others.' I hated being judged by my age but had no time for temper tantrums. â€Å"Okay, whatever. I've still got feelings. But not him. You didn't see him after he was changed. It was horrible. He was depressed. He said he wanted to avoid me at all costs, that he couldn't love anyone again. It wasn't until this escape madness that he even started acting like his old self.' â€Å"He and I talked about that,' she said, face serious again. â€Å"About the depression. I understand it. After being Strigoi †¦ doing what we did †¦ you don't feel worthy of life. There's just guilt and darkness and the crushing memories of that evil.' She shuddered. â€Å"You †¦ you've acted differently from him. I mean, you look so sad sometimes, but at others †¦ it's like nothing happened. You're already back to your old self. Mostly. Why the difference in you two?' â€Å"Oh, I've still got the guilt, believe me. After Robert changed me †¦' There was venom when she spoke his name. â€Å"Well, I didn't want to leave my house, my bed. I hated myself for what I'd done. I wished I'd been staked to death. Then Dimitri talked to me†¦ . He said that guilt was inevitable. The fact that I can feel it proves I'm not Strigoi. But he told me I can't let that stop me from embracing life again. We've been given second chances, he and I. We can't throw them away. He also said it took him a while to realize it and that he didn't want me to make the same mistakes. He told me to embrace life and its beauty and the people I love before it was too late–even though it'd be difficult. Shaking that Strigoi past †¦ it's like a weight, always pressing on me. He swore he wasn't going to let it control him anymore–which, believe me, sounds noble but is very hard to do–and that he wouldn't let his life be pointless. He'd already lost s ome things forever but refused to let go of the rest.' â€Å"He said all that? I †¦ I'm not even sure what half of it means.' He told me to embrace life and its beauty and the people I love before it was too late. â€Å"Sometimes I don't either. Like I said, it's much easier said than done. Still, I think he has helped me recover more quickly than I would have on my own. I'm grateful. And as for you and your auras †¦' That small smile returned. â€Å"Well, you've got to figure it out. I don't believe in soul mates, not exactly. I think it's ridiculous to think there's only one person out there for us. What if your â€Å"soul mate' lives in Zimbabwe? What if he dies young? I also think â€Å"two souls becoming one' is ridiculous. You need to hold onto yourself. But I do believe in souls being in sync, souls that mirror each other. I see that synchronicity in auras. I can see love too. And I see all of that in his aura and in yours. Only you can choose what to do with that information–if you even believe it.' â€Å"No pressure,' I muttered. She looked like she was about to end the dream but then stopped and gave me a piercing look. â€Å"One thing to be careful of, Rose. Your auras match, but they aren't identical. Dimitri's is spiked with bits of darkness, leftover from his trauma. That darkness fades a little each day. You carry darkness too–but it's not fading.' I shivered. â€Å"Lissa. It's the darkness I'm taking from her, isn't it?' â€Å"Yes. I don't know much about bonds, but what you're doing–even if it's helping her–is very dangerous. Spirit tears us apart, no question, but in some ways †¦ I think we spirit users are built for it a little better. Not that it's always obvious,' she added wryly. â€Å"But you? No. And if you take too much, I don't know what'll happen. I'm afraid of it building and building. I'm afraid it's just going to take one spark–one catalyst–to make it explode inside you.' â€Å"What happens then?' I whispered. She shook her head slowly. â€Å"I don't know.' With that, the dream faded. I fell back into dreamless sleep, though my body–as if knowing it was time to take my shift–woke on its own a few hours later. Night's blackness surrounded me once more, and nearby, I could hear Dimitri's even, steady breathing and sense his warmth. Everything I'd just discussed with Sonya came pouring back to me. Too much, too much. I didn't know where to begin processing it. And no, I didn't know if I could believe it, not with what I'd seen in real life. Behaviors and feelings rarely line up. With a deep breath, I forced myself to be a guardian, not an emotionally distraught girl. â€Å"Your time for sleep, comrade.' His voice came to me like light in the darkness, soft and low. â€Å"You can get more rest if you need it.' â€Å"No, I'm fine,' I told him. â€Å"And remember, you're not–‘ â€Å"I know, I know,' he chuckled. â€Å"I'm not the general.' Oh lord. We finished each other's jokes. I do believe in souls that are in sync. Sternly reminding myself that Sonya's visit hadn't actually been about my love life, I recounted the rest of the dream to Dimitri, describing John's betrayal and Jill's abduction. â€Å"Did I †¦ did I do the right thing telling Sonya where we are?' Several moments passed before he replied. â€Å"Yes. You're right that we need her help–and she can find Jill. The problem is, Victor and Robert have to know that too.' He sighed. â€Å"And you're right that I'd better rest up for what's to come.' So, in that efficient way of his, he said no more. Soon, his breathing shifted as he fell back into sleep. It was amazing how he could do that with so little effort. Of course, that was something we'd been taught as guardians: sleep when you can because you don't know when you'll be able to again. It was a trick I'd never picked up. Staring into the darkness, I kept my senses sharp, listening for any sounds that might indicate danger. I might not have a talent for falling asleep instantly, but I could keep my waking body alert while still checking in with Lissa. Jill and our escape had occupied me today, but events at Court still weighed heavily on me. Someone had tried to kill Lissa, and a group of guardians had just dragged off Eddie. When I looked through her eyes, it was no surprise that I found most of my friends together. They were in a stark, intimidating room similar to the one she'd been questioned in about my escape–except it was larger. And with good reason. It was packed with all sorts of people. Adrian and Christian stood by Lissa, and I needed no aura reading to know the two guys were as uneasy as she was. Hans stood behind a table, hands pressed on it as he leaned forward and glared at everyone. Opposite Lissa, against the far wall, Eddie sat stone-faced in a chair with a guardian on either side of him. Both of his guards were tense, braced to leap into action. They thought Eddie was a threat, I realized, which was ridiculous. Yet, Hans seemed to share their opinion. He jabbed his finger at a photograph lying on the table. Taking a step forward, Lissa saw that the picture was of the guy who'd attacked her–a picture taken after his death. His eyes were closed, his skin gone pale–but it provided a detailed look at his facial features, bland as they were. â€Å"You killed a Moroi!' exclaimed Hans. I'd apparently tuned in to the middle of the conversation. â€Å"How is that not a problem? You're trained to protect them!' â€Å"I did,' said Eddie. He was so calm, so serious that the part of me that could still muster a sense of humor thought he was like Dimitri Junior. â€Å"I protected her. What difference does it make if the threat's Moroi or Strigoi?' â€Å"We have no proof of any of the details of this attack,' growled Hans. â€Å"You have three witnesses!' snapped Christian. â€Å"Are you saying our reports are worthless?' â€Å"I'm saying you're his friends, which makes your reports questionable. I would have liked to have had a guardian around to verify this.' Now Lissa's temper flared. â€Å"You did! Eddie was there.' â€Å"And there was no way you could have protected her without killing him?' asked Hans. Eddie didn't answer, and I knew he was seriously considering the question, wondering if he might truly have made a mistake. At last, he shook his head. â€Å"If I hadn't killed him, he would have killed me.' Hans sighed, his eyes weary. It was easy for me to be angry at him right now, and I had to remind myself he was just doing his job. He held up the picture. â€Å"And none of you–none of you–have ever seen this man?' Lissa studied the face once more, repressing a shiver. No, she hadn't recognized him during the attack and didn't recognize him now. There was really nothing remarkable about him–no notable feature you could point out. Our other friends shook their heads, but Lissa felt herself frowning. â€Å"Yes?' asked Hans, immediately jumping on that subtle shift. â€Å"I don't know him †¦' she said slowly. The conversation with Joe the janitor popped into her mind. â€Å"What'd the guy look like?' she'd asked Joe. â€Å"Plain. Ordinary. Except the hand.' Lissa stared at the picture a moment longer, which just barely showed a scarred hand with a couple of bent fingers. I had also noticed it in the fight. She lifted her eyes to Hans. â€Å"I don't know him,' she repeated. â€Å"But I think I know someone who does. There's a janitor †¦ well, a former janitor. The one who testified about Rose. I think he's seen this guy before. They have an interesting business relationship. Mikhail was going to make sure he didn't leave Court.' Adrian did not look happy at all about having Joe brought up, seeing as it implicated his mother for bribery. â€Å"They'll have a hard time making him talk.' Hans narrowed his eyes. â€Å"Oh, if he knows something, we'll make him talk.' He gave a sharp nod toward the door, and one of the guardians by Eddie moved toward it. â€Å"Find this guy. And send in our â€Å"guests.† The guardian nodded and left the room. â€Å"What guests?' asked Lissa. â€Å"Well,' said Hans, â€Å"it's funny you mention Hathaway. Because we just had a sighting of her.' Lissa stiffened, panic flashing through her. They found Rose. But how? Abe had assured her I was safe in that town in West Virginia. â€Å"She and Belikov were spotted outside of Detroit, where they kidnapped a girl.' â€Å"They'd never–‘ Lissa stopped. â€Å"Did you say Detroit?' It was with great restraint that she didn't shoot questioning looks at Christian and Adrian. Hans nodded, and although he gave the appearance of just passing on information, I knew he was watching for some sort of telling reaction from my friends. â€Å"They had a few other people with them. Some of them got away, but we caught one.' â€Å"Who did they kidnap?' asked Christian. His astonishment wasn't faked either. He too had thought we were safely stashed. â€Å"Mastrano,' said Hans. â€Å"Something Mastrano.' â€Å"Jill Mastrano?' exclaimed Lissa. â€Å"Jailbait?' asked Adrian. Hans clearly wasn't up to date on this nickname but didn't have a chance to question it because just then, the door opened. Three guardians entered, and with them was– Sydney.

Home Furnishings bedding Essay

Home furnishing has many areas that furnish bedrooms with frames, comforters, sheets and dressers and much more. A home furnishing is a way to personalize the house whether it’s with the help of professionals or simple your own ideas. The company Polo Ralph Lauren founded in 1967 and their main headquarter is currently in New York. Ralph Lauren was the one who founded the company which he is the CEO, Chairman, and chief designer for the company. The company also sells products for men, women, and children, accessories, fragrances, and home furnishings. It operates in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Ralph Lauren first launch his home collection in 1985 including bedding, including bedding, towels, area rugs and much more. Home furnishings include bedding and with the bedding department it has mattress size, pillows, sheets and blanket, and quilts. The mattress size is important because it depend the size of the sleeper and the dimensions of the bedroom. The smallest size of the bedding dimensions is the twin size which has a dimension of 39 by 76 inches. The next size is the full size mattresses measure 54 by 75 inches and â€Å"queens add an extra 6 inches to the full-size width and 5 inches to the length. Standard king mattresses have ample room with a 78 inch width and 80 inches in length. †(ProQuest) The pillows come in different size to match the bed and all the pillows are 20 inches in width and in length it varieties. Pillow cases and sheets are sold in pairs or separately. They are sold separately because it allows the customers to pick their own design, how they want their sleeping environment to look like. They sell separately because something consumers does not like the designs so they rather buy the design that they are comfortable. The construction of pillowcases, sheets and shams varieties and the most popular fabric use in this is woven. The next fabric is â€Å"Cotton and cotton/poly dominates the market. Cotton gives absorbency while polyester gives durability and wrinkle resistance. Most sheets are made with spun yarns. †(Hoovers) Muslin and percale sheets are the most common. Muslin sheets are made from carded yarns while Percale is made out from combed yarns. Other type of fabrics is sateen, satin, flannel, or knitted jersey or tricot. It’s important to pay attention the caring part because there are some sheets, pillowcases that can easily get damaged. The white sheets should be machine was only and dry according to manufacturer’s instructions. Do not combine dark colors with beach and only apply beach on white sheets. It’s good to rotated and avoid using the same set also using a mattress pad or covers to protect the sheets will extend the life of the bottom sheets. â€Å"Ralph Lauren has grown from being a mono-brand US centric menswear wholesaler to designer manufacturer and wholesaler of global luxury lifestyle brands for men, women and children. † (Business source Swot analysis). Ralph Lauren has many products that can offer to their customers because it’s a growing industry. Some of the brands and names of Ralph Lauren include Polo by Ralph, Lauren, Purple Label, Club Monaco, Rugby, Ralph Lauren Women’s Collection, Black Label, Blue Label and Lauren by Ralph Lauren, among others. The successes of the brands are due to the official outfitter of the 2008 US Olympic and Paralympics teams by the United States Olympic Committee in 2008. It has sign a five year contract with R&A to outfit all the members staffing and all the officials in the Open Championship up to 2016. Ralph Lauren distributes their products through and foreign and domestic network. It has a successful global distribution network which allows â€Å"its merchandises to be sold in a total of nearly 9,000 retailers worldwide, ranging from high-end department stores such as Neiman Marcus to discount retailers such as TJ Maxx. † (Business source). Ralph Lauren is divided into three segments the first one is wholesales, the second one is retail, and the third one is licensing. Licensing is very important because any product whether in-house produced or licensed, have to be designed by Mr.  Lauren and his design staff. All of his home furnishings products are produce by his licensing partners who has the right to sell them whether it’s internationally or domestic. It has multiple channels where they distribute their products. Ralph Lauren has 201 factory stores worldwide and 178 full-price retail stores. It also has â€Å"474 concessions-based shop-within-shops, and six e -commerce websites. The full-price retail stores range in the size of approximately 800 to 38,000 square feet and are situated in major upscale street locations and upscale regional malls in large urban markets. (Business Source). Most of these factory stores are located in outlet malls. Some of the factories have a length of 2500 to 20,000 feet in the Americans 1,400 to 19,700 square feet in Europe and from 2,800 to 11,800 square feet in Asia. It also operates a concessions-based shop-within-shops that has around 209 retail locations dedicated to Ralph Lauren-branded products. Most of the shops-within shops are located in Asia and the size of this concessions-base is approximately 180 to 4,300 square feet. The company has a successful globe distribution that allows merchandise to be in 9,000 retails worldwide. Home furnishings by Ralph Lauren afford their customers a feature that has a â€Å"contemporary, creative style and also employs ticking-striped patterns, industrial accents and flea-market-inspired finds to create an unexpected rustic look. † (Ralph Lauren). The company wants their customers to be happy with their product and that’s way they offer the best quality with the best material so that their customers can come back to the company and purchase more. Polo Ralph Lauren’s status as a premier lifestyle brand supports higher product margins, product extensions, and consumer loyalty. The company long-term annually grow is 20% to 30 % on their distribution. This company has a price range to be higher because Ralph Lauren is one of the premier consumer lifestyle brands with considerable brand equity. The company has strong brand equity because it has â€Å"capitalized on its strong fashion design and effective marketing to build a premier lifestyle brand with global revenue exceeding an estimated $5 billion, including licensees. (Business Source). It also states that the company is one of the few† brands capable of developing a portfolio of products and brands ranging from the moderately priced Chaps by Ralph Lauren to the luxury priced Purple and Black Labels. † (Business Source). The company has many ways to merchandises their products which include websites, outlet malls, factories and much more. In addition to these, the company sells its products through three websites in the US, including ralphLauren. com, rugby. com and clubmonaco. com, the company has more websites in the European part. Only the Unites States the company has acquire new customers about 600,000 customers. Only selling from website in helps the company to reach wider customers and faster than any other companies. Not only do they sell their merchandise over the internet they sell it through catalogs, retail stores for example Macys and high ended department store. Not any department store can sell Ralph Lauren products because they must have a license with the company itself. The company chose high end department stores because they know their customers and also because they have loyal customers who love to shop in this high-end department stores. Also because the brand of the product will distinguish how the material is made and how good of a quality it is. There are many rules and regulations when it comes to â€Å"all products categorized as linens must be labeled in accordance with the laws that relate to the consumption of textile products. The Textile Fiber Products Act (TFPIA) requires that generic fiber names and fiber content be listed on the label and flammability standards for mattress†. (Hoovers). The company’s name is build around the highest ethical and legal standards.  Ralph Lauren is guided by the â€Å"California Transparent Act which states that all of its suppliers to prohibit the hiring of slave labor and prevent practices that could contribute to human trafficking. 1. verify product supply chains using third party auditors to ensure that our product supply chains are compliant with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 2. conduct independent audits of our suppliers to evaluate their compliance with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 3. equire certification by our suppliers that materials incorporated into our products comply with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking in countries where our suppliers are doing business; 4. maintain internal accountability standards and procedures for employees and contractors failing to meet our Operating Guidelines prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 5. provide training for our supply chain executives and employees on the prevention of human trafficking and slave labor. †(RalphLauren. om) The company is always doing things to change the product and to promote new products to their loyal customers. Ralph Lauren will launch new lines and maintain brand strength. The company views the internet as the number one source of future growth that will increase very fast. They are advertising and marketing in a unique form associate with distinct design, luxury and quality. Retail stores are still very important because it’s the foundation and the growth of the company and it has given the â€Å"confidence to apply its expertise to wholesale business, including erchandise mix, visual presentation and excellent customer service. † (Valuation Reports). Ralph Lauren wants to expand to new products with new categories in different parts of the world. In conclusion the company has many things to offer to their loyal customers and expanding everything to new places and expanding new product will definitely have new customers. It’s important for the company to keep the good quality and good merchandise because it’s a way to stay in business for much longer.

Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period

Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period During the course of the Neogene period, life on earth adapted to new ecological niches opened up by global coolingand some mammals, birds, and reptiles evolved to truly impressive sizes in the process. The Neogene is the second period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present), preceded by the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) and succeeded by the Quaternary period-and is itself comprised of the Miocene (23-5 million years ago) and Pliocene (5-2.6 million years ago) epochs. Climate and Geography Like the preceding Paleogene, the Neogene period witnessed a trend toward global cooling, especially at higher latitudes (it was immediately after the end of the Neogene, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the earth underwent a series of ice ages interspersed with warmer interglacials). Geographically, the Neogene was important for the land bridges that opened up between various continents: it was during the late Neogene that North and South America became connected by the Central American Isthmus, Africa was in direct contact with southern Europe via the dry Mediterranean Sea basin, and eastern Eurasia and western North America were joined by the Siberian land bridge. Elsewhere, the slow impact of the Indian subcontinent with the underbelly of Asia produced the Himalayan mountains. Terrestrial Life During the Neogene Period Mammals. Global climate trends, combined with the spread of newly evolved grasses, made the Neogene period the golden age of open prairies and savannahs. These extensive grasslands spurred the evolution of even- and odd-toed ungulates, including prehistoric horses and camels (which originated in North America), as well as deer, pigs, and rhinoceroses. During the later Neogene, the interconnections between Eurasia, Africa, and North and South America set the stage for a confusing network of species interchanges, resulting (for example) in the near extinction of South Americas Australia-like marsupial megafauna. From a human perspective, the most important development of the Neogene period was the continuing evolution of apes and hominids. During the Miocene epoch, a huge number of hominid species inhabited Africa and Eurasia; during the ensuing Pliocene, most of these hominids (among them the direct ancestors of modern humans) were clustered in Africa. It was immediately after the Neogene period, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the first human beings (genus Homo) appeared on the planet. Birds. While birds never quite matched the size of their distant mammalian cousins, some of the flying and flightless species of the Neogene period were truly enormous (for example, the airborne Argentavis and Osteodontornis both exceeded 50 pounds.) The end of the Neogene marked the extinction of most of the flightless, predatory terror birds of South America and Australia, the last dregs being wiped out in the ensuing Pleistocene. Otherwise, bird evolution continued apace, with most modern orders well- represented by the close of the Neogene. Reptiles. A large chunk of the Neogene period was dominated by gigantic crocodiles, which still never quite managed to match the size of their Cretaceous forebears. This 20-million-year span also witnessed the continuing evolution of prehistoric snakes and (especially) prehistoric turtles, the latter group of which began to reach truly impressive proportions by the start of the Pleistocene epoch. Marine Life Although prehistoric whales had started to evolve in the preceding Paleogene period, they didnt become exclusively marine creatures until the Neogene, which also witnessed the continuing evolution of the first pinnipeds (the mammalian family that includes seals and walruses) as well as prehistoric dolphins, to which whales are closely related. Prehistoric sharks maintained their status at the top of the marine food chain; Megalodon, for example, had already appeared at the end of the Paleogene and continued its dominance throughout the Neogene as well. Plant Life There were two major trends in plant life during the Neogene period. First, plunging global temperatures spurred the rise of massive deciduous forests, which replaced jungles and rainforests in high northern and southern latitudes. Second, the worldwide spread of grasses went hand-in-hand with the evolution of mammalian herbivores, culminating in todays familiar horses, cows, sheep, deer, and other grazing and ruminant animals.

10 Interesting Facts About Atoms

10 Interesting Facts About Atoms Everything in the world consists of atoms, so its good to know something about them. Here are 10 interesting and useful atom facts. There are three parts to an atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge and are found together with neutrons (no electrical charge) in the nucleus of each atom. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus.Atoms are the smallest particles that make up elements. Each element contains a different number of protons. For example, all hydrogen atoms have 1 proton while all carbon atoms have 6 protons.  Some matter consists of one type of atom (e.g., gold), while other matter is made of atoms bonded together to form compounds (e.g., sodium chloride).Atoms are mostly empty space. The nucleus of an atom is extremely dense and contains nearly all of the mass of each atom. Electrons contribute very little mass to the atom (it takes 1,836 electrons to equal the size of a proton)  and orbit so far away from the nucleus that each atom is 99.9% empty space. If the atom was the size of a sports arena, the nucleus would be the size of a pea. Although the nucleus is much denser compared wit h the rest of the atom, it too consists mainly of empty space.​ There are over 100 different kinds of atoms. About 92 of them occur naturally, while the remainder are made in labs. The first new atom made by man was technetium, which has 43 protons.  New atoms can be made by adding more protons to an atomic nucleus. However, these new atoms (elements) are unstable and decay into smaller atoms instantaneously. Usually, we only know a new atom was created by identifying the smaller atoms from this decay.The components of an atom are held together by three forces. Protons and neutrons are held together by the strong and weak nuclear forces. Electrical attraction holds electrons and protons. While electrical repulsion repels protons away from each other, the attracting nuclear force is much stronger than electrical repulsion. The strong force that binds together protons and neutrons is 1,038 times more powerful than gravity, but it acts over a very short range, so particles need to be very close to each other to feel its effect.The word atom comes from the Greek word for uncuttable or undivided. The name comes from the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Democritus, who believed matter consisted of particles that could not be cut into smaller particles. For a long time, people believed atoms were the fundamental uncuttable unit of matter. While atoms are the building blocks of elements, that can be divided into still smaller particles. Also, nuclear fission and nuclear decay can break atoms into smaller atoms. Atoms are very small. The average atom is about one-tenth of a  billionth of a meter across. The largest atom (cesium) is approximately nine times bigger than the smallest atom (helium).Although atoms are the smallest unit of an element, they consist of even tinier particles called quarks and leptons. An electron is a lepton. Protons and neutrons consist of three quarks each.The most abundant type of atom in the universe is the hydrogen atom. Nearly 74% of the atoms in the Milky Way galaxy are hydrogen atoms.You have around 7 billion billion billion atoms in your body, yet you replace about 98% of them every year! Take an Atom Quiz

News Media Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

News Media Analysis - Essay Example The audience was also involved with their input made through a live chat on the anchor’s Twitter page (foxnews.com). From the onset, the presentation was all inclusive with the guest granted equal chances to express their opinions on the Democrat – Republican divide. The target audience were adult voting Americans with guests discussing issues related to the upcoming US presidential elections. Being a morning show, the stories were too political with very minimal informative material. My opinion of a morning show is that it should get comprehensively informative with highlights of major news at the start of the bulletin and later focus on core topic of discussion. This was not the case with politics being the sole top of discussion. With several other issues touching and of significance to the audience totally ignored. With regards to the political ‘target audience’, the newscast did half justice. Evaluation into what would woo the Latino and women voters w as well disused with the guests providing comprehensive insights into the task ahead for the presidential candidates if they were to win these two constituencies. Sue Kelly who was representing the voice of the Republican Party and women voters provided a comprehensive statistical breakdown of the performance of women in congress over the years in relation to the GOP and the Democratic Party which was of only of intersect to find out, but also left viewers more informed. Chuck on the other hand made contributions that provided viewers with a chance to take a journey through the mind of a Latino voter and as it turned out, immigration was a major determinant of the voting patterns of the Hispanics. The broad cast was particularly very long with the political discussion lasting over 30 minutes which is not proper for a morning show that should always provide very brief and informative insights into the day’s main events and leave the viewers with the urge for more. That was not the case in this broadcast. The provision of viewers input through a live chat was of particular significance as it provided the all inclusiveness required in a political debate. There were five commercials and these were very appropriate as they all targeted an adult audience. Commercials on fitness were particularly relevant given the time of broadcast. The commercials were on fitness equipments, breakfast food products, cars and travel with one advert on a transatlantic airline. These commercials served the intended purpose of reaching the target audience since viewers of the show are adults who make purchase decisions on what their families have for breakfast, their fitness issues, travel options and the brand of car to purchase. The commercials were however few given the duration of the broadcast. There should have been numerous ads during the political discussion to break the monotony of argument that went on. The informality of the set was equally unappealing; the anchor con versed quite informally with very inappropriate interruptions that were mostly personal as the debate went on at some point telling one of the guests, Mr. Chuck about where and how young she was in 19988 when the later made reference to the year to provide historical information on the past administrations’

School Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School Procurement - Essay Example It should be completed after a period of seventy two weeks. The report will also look at other alternative procurement routes and give their disadvantages. It will also examine the steps to be followed for effective project implementation (ETWB, 2004) From these differences, arises a number of procurement processes. The first alternative is 'competitive tendering/ develop and construct' under this scheme, the school can be designed by Southumberland County together with the community and then tendered to a principle contractor. The other route maybe 'design and build' which allows for design and construction by a principle contractor. There is also the 'construction management' procurement system which allows the client (in this case Southumberland County) to work hand in hand with a principle contractor who constructs the building while the client manages the construction process. Under the PFI procurement route, operations are done within a fixed price range. This amount is arrived at by considering inflation rate for the past twenty five and thirty years. If the contractor fails to meet his/her deadline then a penalty will have to be paid. This means that the PFI scheme is subject to inflation rate changes because costs of implementing the project will be subject to inflation changes yet the unitary payment will be changed at a different rate. An alternative like the design and build route arrives at its charges without consideration of inflation rates. 2.12 Unforeseen expenses If the project happens to the superseded its time limits, then extra costs will be incurred. These costs are met by the contractor and he will be the one on the loosing because it will minimize his profits. In contrast, however, another scheme like the design and build route leaves the maintenance of extra costs to the project initiator. This would not be economical for the County. 2.13 Defects on building In the PFI scheme, the risk of any defects found in the completed building will rest solely on the contractor. This implies that the contractor will do his best to ensure that he produces a quality product to avoid deductions that will have to be made on the unitary payment which the Southumberland County is going to pay. However, the design and build route has a time frame within which the employer can charge for defects. After that time frame, any defects will have to be settled by the employer. (Henderson Global Investors, 2003) 2.14 Value for money This scheme provides value for money because costs and risks are moved from the project initiator to the private contractor. Normally the unitary amount that is calculated prior to project work is slightly on the high side. Because there are a number of expenses that will be incurred along the way, this increase is fair. Develop and build under the PFI scheme allows the project initiator to get value for his money since he is free from any of the following risks: general maintenance, latent defects, construction overruns, management time and